Management and organisation

A historical perspective on management provides a context or environment in which to interpret current opportunities and problems. Studying history means developing an understanding of the impact of societal forces on organizations. Studying history is a way to achieve strategic thinking, see the big nature, and improve conceptual skills.
Social forces refer to those aspects of a culture that guide and influence relationships among people – their values, needs, and standards of behavior. These forces shape what is known as the social contract, which refers to the unwritten, common rules and perceptions about relationships among people and between employees and management.
A significant social force today is the changing attitudes, ideas and values. Career life cycles are getting shorter, with workers typically changing jobs every few years and changing careers several times during Young workers lifetime. They also expect to have access to cutting edge technology, opportunities to learn and further their career and personal goals, and the power to make substantive decisions and changes in the workplace.
Political forces refer to the influence of political and legal institutions on people and organisations. Political forces include basic assumptions underlying the political system, such as the attraction of self-government, property rights, the definition of justice, and the attraction of innocence or guilt of a crime. Another strong political force is the empowerment of citizens throughout the world. Power is being diffused both within and among countries as never before. People are demanding empowerment, participation and responsibility in all areas of their lives, including their work.
Economic forces – forces that affect the availability, production, and distribution of a society’s resources among competing users.
The emerging new economy is based largely on ideas, information, and knowledge rather than material resources. Supply chains and distribution of resources have been revolutionized by digital technology. Another economic trend is the...

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