Violence against women

Portugal
2005
CONTENTS
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….3
1. The rights of women and international law…………………………………………..4
2. Definition of ``violence``…………………………………………………………….7
3. Causes of violence against women…………………………………………………...9
4. Consequences of violence……………………………………………………………10
5. Domestic violence……………………………………………………………………11
◦ Traditional practices (female genital mutilation, infanticide and son preferance, dowry-related violence and early marriage)………………………………….12
◦ Marital rape………………………………………………………………….. 15
◦ Women-battering……………………………………………………………..16
◦ Incest………………………………………………………………………….17
◦ Forced prostitution……………………………………………………………17
◦ Violence against domestic workers…………………………………………..18
6. Violence in the general community: …………………………………………………19
• Rape and sexual assault………………………………………………………19
• Sexual harassment ………………………………………………………….20
• Prostitution and trafficking in women ……………………………………..21
• Migrant workers .……………………………………………………………22
7. Violence by the State: ………………………………………………………………24
• Custodial violence …………………………………………………………..25
• Armed conflict situations ……………………………………………………25
• Refugee and displaced women …………………………………………….26
8. Legal instruments in dealing with violence against women …………………………27
Conclusions .………………………………………………………………………………….29
Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………30
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………31
INTRODUCTION
The rights of women are referred to be a specified group of basic human rights. The necessity in developing such human rights group in legal level was impacted by historical and contemporary discriminatory practices and scaring numbers of injured or dead women and girl-child, given by number of surveys made all over the world. Significally, violence against women is closely connected to economic, social, political and cultural policies in a state. However, in most countries traditional attitudes have been tolerated as normal considerable levels of violence against women. That’s why the issue of violence against women was percepted from a private matter to one of public concern and arrived to the international level. The human rights framework specifies governments´ obligations under international law to promote and protect women`s human rights by providing mechanisms for holding governments to account if they fail to meet these obligations.
1. THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND INTERNATIONAL
One of the most powerful features of the human rights framework is the core principle that human rights are universal – that all people have equal rights by virtue of being human. In international law it is stated, that human rights are indivisible – all rights are of equal value and urgency and...

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