Thinking Patterns: Goals

 • Thinking Patterns: Goals • -The Cognitive Behavioural approach • - History of REBT • - Central goal of REBT • - Principles of REBT • - Type of belief : rational vs irrational • - Understanding the ABC Model • - Categories of irrational beliefs • - Dispute and replace irrational thoughts • - Applying the ABC(DE) Model Cognitive-Behavioural methods of managing emotion • Methods used in the program based on: • REBT (Albert Ellis) • Cognitive Therapy (Beck) • Self Instructional Learning (Meichenbaum) verbal regulation of behaviour Cognitive Behavioural Approaches • -Focus on cognitions • Encourage clients to test their views and expectations to see whether they are accurate or distorted and not useful • Involve instruction, learning and practice of new skills • Active assistance of the therapists • Time limited Emotion Control • The most important factor in anger control is ________ ABC Model Goal: slow down and find a more adaptive respond • - Activating Event: What happened? (Get directly to it) • Consequences: What did you feel/do after the activating event? • Beliefs: What were you thinking (about the activating event?) • “A” does not lead to “C”. “B” can be changed. YOU HAVE CONTROL OVER YOURSELF The “B”s • In REBT we look for the Core Irrational Beliefs and dispute and replace them. • In general Cognitive Therapies we look for this and for other forms of “risky” thinking that lead to unhelpful results, dispute and replace them • The “B”s • In working with abusive men we look for the thinking, world views, attitudes, self talk and beliefs that put them at risk to be violent in intimate relationships • • My girlfriend can’t be trusted. • She sleeps with everybody. • My partner has to do what I want. • If she doesn’t, I can’t stand it. Exercise • - Sub-groups of two. Assume the role of an offender. • - Using the ABC Model, describe an incident that involved a strong negative emotion. What were you feeling and what did you do: “C” • What was the Activating event: “A” • What were you thinking at that time? “B” • History of REBT • - REBT = Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy • - REBT used to treat emotional problems • - A Cognitive-Behavioral approach • - Developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950’s • - He was a therapist in the Freudian mode of psychoanalysis • - Dissatisfaction with the results History of REBT • - One of the most influential and empirically validated therapies • -- later development the insertion of more behavioural techniques such as relaxation; self instruction, imagery, assertiveness (not a dormat), communication skill training. Higher effect sizes when role plays used. • A key = the therapeutic alliance (agreement on goals, tasks, the “bond”) Principles of REBT • - Humans are appropriately hedonistic : • pursue their own satisfaction and happiness • value self interest • focus on goals • - Principles of REBT • - People have the power to control their response to events: • people make themselves unhappy and disturbed • Ellis would call emotional disturbance “a protest against reality”, a refusal to accept reality Principles of REBT • - Disturbed emotions are not externally caused : • circumstances are not the cause of emotions • people’s emotional responses reflect their thinking about their circumstances • by controlling their thoughts, individuals can gain emotional control Principles of REBT • - There is a difference between appropriate and inappropriate emotions : • all emotions are natural but not all emotions are appropriate • feelings that are against your best interests are inappropriate • these feelings cause a lot of turmoil and grief--too strong, too sustained Inappropriate vs Appropriate Negative Emotions • Personnal Domaine • Threat or danger • Emotion • Appropriateness of Emotion • Anxiety • Concern • Inappropriate • Appropriate • Loss • Depression • Sadness • Inappropriate • Appropriate Principles of REBT • - Acknowledge preferences versus demands as the dividing line between rational and irrational beliefs: • preferences are something that you would like, desire or prefer • demands are musts : this has to happen • escalate preferences into demands causes emotional disturbance • REBT teaches that nothing in life has to be • musts create a sense of urgency and desperation Three Basic Musts • 1- Demands about self • 2- Demands about others • 3- Demands about the world - life conditions • Examples: Irrational vs Rational` • Awful, terrible --> • I can’t stand it --> • The world, other, I must be a certain way --> • things will always or never happen --> • Bad or unfortunate • I don’t like it but I can bear it • Acceptance of themselves and others and the world as complex • things happen along a continuum Types of Beliefs • - Rational (appropriate) beliefs : • Helps people achieve their basic goals and purposes, it’s logical (nonabsolutist) and it’s empirically consistent with reality. • - Irrational (inappropriate) beliefs : • Prevent people from achieving their basic goals and purposes, it’s illogical (dogmatic & empirically inconsistent with reality. They are absolutes, which can never be fulfilled). Categories of Irrational Beliefs that Cause Emotional Disturbance and lead to Violence and Abuse: • - awfulizing : • the belief that a situation is more than 100 percent bad, worse than it absolutely should be; somebody/something is not just bad, but more than bad and because of that it should not exist. • - I-can’t-stand-it-it is (low frustration tolerance) : • client will say that he cannot take it, envision being unable to endure situations or loosing all happiness if what they can’t stand continues to exist Categories of Irrational Beliefs that Causes Emotional Disturbance and lead to Violence and Abuse • - black and white thinking • judging people as saints or sinners, good or bad, right or wrong • thinking in extremes and categorizing things as all or nothing, black or white, with no middle ground or shades of gray • - Categories of Irrational Beliefs that Causes Emotional Disturbance and lead to Violence and Abuse • -Overgeneralizations ◦ basing opinions on one or many similar experiences, leads to the conclusion that all things are that way or that things always happen that way ◦ closes the door to possibilities and blocks your path to change and growth ◦ using labels or put downs to describe whole classes of people, things, behaviours, and experiences, rather than accurately describing personal qualities • - Other forms of risky thinking: B • Hostile attribution • Patriarchal demands • neutralisations and rationalisations ABC->D Disputing Irrational Thoughts • Use the RULE tool to dispute the belief in as many ways as possible: • R: Is it realistic? Is the belief consistent with reality of the world around them. Is this the way it always is? Would it always be true in all circumstances? • *U- Is it useful? does it get you closer to your goals? Can you accept the consequences of thinking like this? What are the consequences of changing the belief to something more rational? Disputing Irrational Thoughts • L: Is it logical; does it make sense? Look for faulty logic • E: is there evidence for this? Where is it written that they must be so? Does it happen everywhere? ABCD--> E Effective Thinking: Replacing Irrational Thoughts • Replace the demand by a preference • Replace with a statement that will reduce the chances of an inappropriate emotion and behaviour • rehearse the replacement statement to calm yourself and look for a more adaptive respond Replacing the thinking • Problem thinking • I can’t stand it if she has her parents over • I don’t like it but I can handle it • It would be terrible if she went back to school • I will feel lonely and threatened but it’s not the end of the world • And counter beliefs • I need her to be home when I get home from work • I would like it, but want and like are not the same as need; I will not die if she’s not here Principles of REBT • - Changing beliefs takes hard work : • clients need to put a lot of energy to understand, identify and change inappropriate beliefs • they need to do a lot of exercises and homework The Steps in Using REBT •

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