History of Scotland

• 13 Nov. 1093: Battle of Alnwick: Death of King Máel Coluim Ceann Mór [King Malcolm III] & son Edward.
• 9 Sept. 1513: Battle of Flodden: Death of King James IV: 1 archbishop; 2 bishops; 2 abbots; 9 earls; 14 Lords.
• Pessimistic: ‘Scotland was far removed from the mainstream of civilisation. Great formative forces reached her relatively late and with diminished vigour. Moreover, these forces had, in most cases, enriched the life of England before they reached Scotland’. J.D. Mackie, History of Scotland, (1964), p. 11.
• Optimistic: ‘…. a remarkably positive, confident, and successful kingdom’, J. Wormald, Scotland: A History (2005), xx.
• Moray/Ross: Angus of Moray, 1130: MacHeths, MacWilliams, 1187, 1215, 1235
• 1141-53: David I, Cumbria
• Harald Maddadsson, Earl of Caithness, 1201-2
• Galloway: Fergus 1174-89; Allan macFergus (1220-34).
• 1237: Treaty of York
Completing Scotland
• 2 Oct. 1263: Battle of Largs
• 2 July 1266: Treaty of Perth. Acquire Hebrides
• 1425: Destruction of the Albany Stewarts
• 1452-5: Murder of 8th Earl of Douglas & forfeiture of Douglas Earldom
• 1468-1469: Orkney & Shetland ceded to Scotland
• 1482: Berwick lost (finally)
• 1475 & 1493: Forfeiture of John Macdonald, Lord of the Isles
• Finlaggan, Islay: Ancient seat of the Lords of the Isles
Political Structure: Kingship
• Canmore Dynasty: Malcolm III (1058-1093); David I (1124-53); William the Lion (1165-1214); Alexander II (1214-49); Alexander III (1249-86); Margaret (1286-90): ‘Normanisation’; ‘relatively’ good Anglo-Scottish relations.
• ‘The Great Cause’: John Balliol, 1291-96: Overlordship
• Robert I, ‘The Bruce’ (1306-29); David II (1329-71): Military success; international recognition & survival
• The Early Stewarts: Robert II (1371-90); Robert III (1390-1406); James...

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