The vikings

A thousand years ago, pagans from the North spread fear and terror all over of Europe. For more than two hundred years they sailed on their Viking expeditions from the coasts of Scandinavia – as pirates, as merchants, and as aggressors.
Before archaeological finds had come to light, our knowledge about the Viking Age was based on the sagas – these stories from the history of an earlier past were related and written down during the Middle Ages. But the archaeological evidence, once it had been found, not only adds to these literary sources – it also gives a different and more varied picture of this ancient history. Excavations not only supplement our knowledge of history – as a result of them, our understanding of history is forever changing.
But one aspect remains unchanged: our idea of the Viking Age as a period when people from the region we now know as Scandinavia set out far beyond their own lands, and left their mark on the countries they came to. And as a result, their home – lands also changed – the first voyage out, towards the end of the eighth century, set out from a pagan society led by local chieftains; by the end of the Viking Age, during the eleventh century, the Scandinavian countries had become realms where power lay in the hands of kings and the Church.
Burials constitute our most important archaeological source for the history of the Viking Age. The Norse burial rites had been laid down by Odin, supreme among the gods. He had decreed that all the dead must be burned, and that all their property must accompany them on the funereal pyre, for they must have all possessions with them when they come to Valhall. The ashes must either be scattered over the sea or...

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