Stylistics

 1. The term stylistics originated from the Greek word “stylos” – a pen. At present it is applied to the specific use of language elements. Language has 2 main functions: informative-connotative and expressive-connotative. Style in language is the correspondence between thought and its expression. Aspects of stylistics: 1) aesthetic; 2) expressive; 3) stylistic devices; 4) functional styles; 5) interrelation between language and thought; 6) individual manner of an author. Functional stylistics deals with the sets of language units which are used in certain typified communicative situations (what verbal means are used for every communicative situation), or functional styles: 1) official (documents); 2) public (essays, speeches); 3) scientific (publications); 4) newspaper; 5) belles lettres (creative writing). A special place is occupied by the study of the belles lettres style which deals with artistic message.
2. Artistic message is an indispensable element between 2 participants of the communicative act: the sender (addresser) of information and the recipient (addressee). Decoding stylistics: the supplier of the information, the addresser is called encoder because language is understood as a code. The addressee in this case plays a role of the decoder.
3. Practical scheme of stylistic analysis proceeds from the level of the phoneme through the levels of the morpheme and lexeme to that of the sentence, in stylistic analysis the attention is drawn to the ability of language elements to convey additional information. This ability of a verbal element to obtain extra significance, to say more in a definite context that in isolation is called foregrounding.
4. Phonemic level of foregrounding. The phoneme has a one-way nature: it kelps to differentiate meaningful lexemes but has no meaning of its own, e.g. [ai] and [au] have no semantic meaning, but they help to differentiate between [bai] and [bau]. Phonemes without denotational or connotational meaning have strong sound...

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