Internal colonialism. Self colonization. Petrine Russia and Kemalian Turkey

• Petrine reforms as internal colonization. Shaved man’s burden.
• Kemalist reforms in Turkey. Westernization as salvation.
In most public discourse Russia is placed into the category of the colonizer. But in some aspects it should be considered itself as an object of Western colonization.
Colonial problematique lies at the very basic of modern Russian history. Russian monarchs of the 18th century made no effort in order to become part of the European states system and get recognition as enlightened rulers. Their ambitious military, political and cultural agenda offers the first instance of “westernization” understood as conscious adaptation of Western technology and cultural forms by a society that originally did not participate in their creation. Started by Peter the Great, this westernization had as its most important result the internalization of the maxims of the rational and orderly government as well as forms of polite sociability by the elite elements of the society. Insofar as the process of westernization had as its goal the production of a new subject out of Russian population, it can be viewed as a variation of cultural colonialism, which nevertheless lacked the formal political subordination to Europe, which functioned as cultural metropole for the Russian “colony.” “Internal colonization project” allows placing Russia with such more classical examples of the objects of modern colonialism as India or Egypt. At the same time, Russia was an empire in which a westernized elite sought to establish control over the population of the outlying territories using the adopted Western technology and political ideas as a means of and legitimization for imperial dominance.
Part of the society have become like foreigners. In the most appalling way. They started furiously, methodically and radically chase the rest of society. Bothersome placing all what they seemed modern and Western. In the way, the number of foreigners would...

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