Hyperthyroidism: Grave's disease

History of the disease.
The thyroid, the largest endocrine gland, helps control metabolic rate, body temperature, and muscle tone. This butterfly-shaped gland, which is located in front of and on each side of the windpipe, secretes two hormones. The production of thyroid hormones depends on an adequate intake of dietary iodine. The thyroid gland takes what it needs and the kidneys excrete the rest. But when the body is exposed to too much thyroid hormone - which can happen in the presence of several different disorders - hyperthyroidism occurs.
Graves' Disease is a type of autoimmune disease that causes over-activity of the thyroid gland, causing hyperthyroidism. An autoimmune disease occurs when the body's immune system becomes misdirected and attacks the very organs, cells, or tissues that it is supposed to protect. About 75% of autoimmune diseases occur in women, most often during their childbearing years.
• Graves' disease occurs in less that 1/4 of 1% of the population.
• Graves' disease is more prevalent among females than males.
• Graves' disease usually occurs in middle age, but also occurs in children and adolescents.
The correct level of thyroid hormone controls how fast the cells in your body work. Thyroid gland composed of follicular cells, which produce thyroglobulin – thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate of metabolism in the body. When your body has too much of this hormone, your blood pressure, heartbeat, digestion, moods, and other body functions may be affected.
The thyroid gland incorporates iodine (mostly available from the diet in foods such as seafood, bread, and salt) and uses it to produce thyroid hormones. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) representing 99.9 % and 0.1% of thyroid hormones respectively.
Etiology or cause
There are several elements contributing to the development of Graves' disease. There is a genetic predisposition to autoimmune...

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