General principles of writing

• The purpose of writing. Usually indicated in the task. The type of text and register depends on it.
• Text organization: Structure
1. The purpose – in the task
Write an essay on the following topic:
In the 21 century societies are becoming more and more alike. Some people say that in the future there will only be one culture. Should individual countries try to preserve their own culture?
What is your opinion on the topic? In your essay, give at least two arguments to support your opinion.
1. The purpose – in the task
Write an essay on the following topic:
Recently, all over the world, school classes have been taking place in virtual classrooms on online platforms.
Discuss both advantages and disadvantages for school-leavers of “live” lessons held online.
1. The purpose – in the task
Write a semi-formal email.
You recently attended a public lecture on effective time management.
Write a semi-formal email to thank the speaker, a businessperson called Ms Williams.
In your email:
• say where and when you heard her lecture;
• explain why you found it useful (give at least two reasons);
• invite her to your school to do another talk on a different topic (suggest the topic).
You should write at least 80 words. Please count the number of words and write the word count in the space below the email. Sign your email as Alex Brown.
2. Addressee
• Indicated in the task or implied addressee
• Semi-formal letter: indicated
• Essay: implied (teacher, exam assessor etc.)
3. Register
• Formal --- semi-formal ---informal
• National exam essay/letter: semi-formal register
• How to identify?
• Lexis and vocabulary: no slang, spoken language (cool, gonna). Formal words: domicile, conciliatory.
• Grammatical structures: full sentences, no rhetorical questions, addressing the reader directly, not too complex (4-5 lines, more than 2 relative clauses)
4. Structure: essay
The structure of a paragraph:
• The topic sentence (the topic + controlling idea)
• Support 1 details,...

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