Economic inequality

Inequality

Incomes

Inequality: Incomes

• Vertical Inequality
• Difference between the rich and the poor
• Horizontal Inequality
• Where people of similar background, status, qualifications, etc. have differences in incomes

Inequality: Incomes

• Caused by:
• The Labour Market:
• Differences in education, qualifications, skills, abilities and experience mean that the supply of labour differs in relation to the demand
• The Tax System:
• Impact of taxes that may be regressive in their effect
• Ability of some to be able to exploit the system to pay less tax
• Education:
• Level of education and access to education influences the level of earnings

Opportunity

Inequality: Opportunity

• The level of opportunity may influence the level of inequality
• Access
• How easy is it for individuals to access education, work, housing, etc?
• How easy is it for countries to access markets?
• Discrimination – on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender, etc.

Physical Environment

Inequality: Physical Environment

• Physical environment can include natural resources, raw materials and climate
• Not only availability of natural resources but accessibility and ease with which they can be exploited

• It is not enough to have natural resources available, there has to be sufficient capital equipment to be able to exploit them.
• Title: California oil is a source of wealth and fear. Copyright: Getty Images, available from Education Image Gallery.

Inequality: Physical Environment

• Natural climatic factors are at the heart of a large amount of inequality – it is not coincidence that countries with an equitable climate are the most economically developed
• Natural climate and climate change tend to affect those countries least able to help themselves

• Extremes of weather tend to impact most heavily on countries who have the lowest ability to cope with such extremes.

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