Are there any circumstances of war in which the deliberate targeting of non-combatants is justified?

In this essay I will be discussing Just War Tradition and Just War Theory. I will draw the distinction between Jus in Bello and Jus ad Bellum. This information will be then used to discuss the principle of non-combatant immunity (or principle of discrimination) using a thought experiment and arguments by philosophers Michael Walzer and Cecil Anthony John Coady. After discussing the works of these philosophers, I conclude that there aren’t any circumstances in war in which the deliberate targeting of non-combatants can be justified.
Jus ad Bellum is based on the presumption that there is an international community of independent states whose members have certain rights, including the right to territorial integrity and political sovereignty. Any use of force in violation of the political sovereignty or territorial integrity is considered an act of aggression and a criminal offense. Thus, it would seem possible to justify any military actions used in self-defence.
However, there are a few exceptions to this assumption. In certain circumstances, a violation of the principle of the inviolability of the territory of another country and interference in its internal affairs is not considered a criminal offense. Intervention is justified when national liberation takes place within the country, state borders are crossed by foreign armies or human rights are massively violated in the country (case of humanitarian intervention). One of the most famous examples of humanitarian intervention is NATO's invasion of Kosovo to stop the "ethnic cleansing" by the Serbs (Britannica, 2021).
In addition, the criterion of Jus ad Bellum requires weighing up whether the intervening party actually pursued the right objectives, whether the acts of war were the only possible means of achieving those objectives and whether the war could actually produce the expected results.
If the war was started right, that doesn’t mean it was right at all. The...

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