The Unipolar and Multipolar debate

Polarity in international relations is any of the various ways in which power is distributed within the international system. It describes the nature of the international system at any given period of time. One generally distinguishes four types of systems: unipolarity, bipolarity, tripolarity, and multipolarity, for four or more centers of power. The type of system is completely dependent on the distribution of power and influence of states in a region or internationally.
Unipolarity in international politics is a distribution of power in which there is one state with most of the cultural, economic, and military influence. This is different than hegemony since a hegemon may not have total control of the sea ports or "commons".
The most recent example of a unipolar world has been one dominated by the United States since 1991, in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Other states and empires in the past have dominated their known worlds in a unipolar fashion. Some examples are below. Note that most of the cases as well as the dates given are open to some debate.
The Egyptian Empire from c.3150 BCE to c.1285 BCE with some long breaks – from the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt to the conflict with the Hittites.
The Akkadian Empire from c.2279 BCE to c.2193 BCE.
The Assyrian Empire from 675 BCE to 626 BCE – from the invasion of Egypt to the revolt of Babylon.
The Persian Empire from 539 BCE to 449 BCE – from the conquest of Babylon to the Peace of Callias at latest.
Alexander's Empire from 331 BCE to 323 BCE – from the Battle of Gaugamela to his death.
China from 221 BCE to 1644 CE, with several long breaks – from unification under the Qin Dynasty to the fall of the Ming Dynasty.
The Roman Republic/Roman Empire/Byzantine Empire from 188...

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