The Computer

Classification of computers 5
Classification by intended use 5
Personal computer 5
History 6
Architecture 6
Motherboard 10
Central processing unit 10
RAM - memory 11
Hard disk drive 11
PSU - power supply unit 11
Non-IBM compatible "personal computers" 11
Literature 12
Computer
A computer is a device or machine for making calculations or controlling operations that are expressible in numerical or logical terms. Computers are constructed from components that perform simple well-defined functions. The complex interactions of these components endow computers with the ability to process information. If correctly configured (usually by programming) a computer can be made to represent some aspect of a problem or part of a system. If a computer configured in this way is given appropriate input data, then it can automatically solve the problem or predict the behaviour of the system.
The discipline, which studies the theory, design, and application of computers, is called computer science.
General principles
Computers can work through the movement of mechanical parts, electrons, photons, quantum particles, or any other well-understood physical phenomenon. Although computers have been built out of many different technologies, nearly all popular types of computers have electronic components.
Computers may directly model the problem being solved, in the sense that the problem being solved is mapped as closely as possible onto the physical phenomena being exploited. For example, electron flows might be used to model the flow of water in a dam. Such analog computers were once common in the 1960s but are now rare.
In most computers today, the problem is first translated into mathematical terms by rendering all relevant information into the binary base-two numeral system (ones and zeros). Next, all operations on that information are reduced to simple Boolean algebra.
Electronic circuits are then used to represent Boolean operations. Since almost all of mathematics can be reduced to Boolean operations, a sufficiently fast electronic computer is capable of attacking the majority...

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