Terms of shipment

International shipping (IS) is transportation of goods, cargoes, passengers between countries. The characteristic feature of IS is that he cargo has to cross borders of at least 2 countries. IS is the kind of service & form of foreign business. Numerous international conventions, contracts, bilateral agreements are the legal base for regulating relations between countries & also between cargo owners & carriers.
The major parties of IS are: cargowners, consigner, carrier & consignee. Consigner & consignee are not necessarily the contracting parties. They can act as the intermediaries of the cargowner.
The company must decide which mean of transport to use to carry it’s goods.
Covers long distances, high carriage capacity, possibilities of container transportation, low costs.
Low speed
Rail
Independent from climatic conditions, possibility of container transportation, comparatively low costs
Difficulties in maintenance of access roads
Road
“door-to-door” delivery
Law carriage capacity, limited dead-weight of cars, requirements for road maintenance, accidents
Air
High speed, high level of cargo, safety
Law carriage capacity, dependence of weather conditions
Pipelines
High automatization
High capital investments, one way moving of cargo
SEA transport is the most common nowadays in international trade. There are 70,000 merchant ships in the world. Some of these are general cargo ships. Others are specialized and are used for carrying one kind of cargo such as oil or bananas while others may be used for passengers or holiday cruises. But because people travel mostly by air nowadays the old passenger liners have gone out of service. However it is still possible to travel by sea on a cargo boat (freighter), which has passenger accommodation.
Also, speaking on this topic, I’d like to define what the freight market is & give the classification of the freight market.
The freight market is not a uniform market. It doesn’t have a homogenous connection with a specific geographical area but with ships that can carry similar types of cargoes.
The dry cargo market...

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