Naudingi rašiniai anglų kalbos egzaminui

Legal writing in English has developed over hundreds of years and is characterized by specific features, some of which can make it difficult for the non-lawyer to understand. Characteristics of legal writing include: using Latin terms; using technical terms; using old-fashioned words not much in general use; using pairs of words with a reciprocal relationship; using legal jargon (`without prejudice to') including the use of pairs of words (`terms and conditions'), or triplets (`build, erect or construct'); having special meanings for words in ordinary use (`the judge determined the facts of the case', where 'determined' means `decided'); using vague words (`provide a sufficient service'); using long sentences with little punctuation; inverting word order (`title absolute'); using capital letters to signal important or defined terms (`the terms of the Lease ...') avoiding personal pronouns (`you', 'we', `I'); the specific use of the modal verb 'shall' to impose an obligation or duty on someone (The tenant shall not sub-let the whole or part of the premises.'); the use of 'shall' in a directory sense (Notice of an appeal shall be filed within 28 days.').
There are many Latin terms in written English legal text, although recent reforms in the English justice system have encouraged the use of English rather than Latin. Some Latin terms are used so frequently that they are in general English use (e.g., ad hoc, bona fide, pro rata, etc.). It is useful to be able to recognize their meaning and a dictionary or online glossary will help. Forms of pronunciation vary.
A number of linking terms are used in older written legal texts (case reports, legislation, court documentation, contracts, etc.) to refer to other parts of the same text, to different legal documents, or to related contexts.
There is a movement to draft legal text in standard, modern, 'plain' English but...

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