Grand Canyon

Grand Canyon is one of the most spectacular canyons in the world. It cuts through northwestern Arizona in Grand Canyon National Park (see GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK). The Grand Canyon extends 277 miles (446 kilometers). It is about 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) deep. The canyon varies in width from less than 1 mile to 18 miles (29 kilometers).
The Colorado River flows through the canyon. The river formed the canyon over millions of years by cutting through layers of limestone, sandstone, shale, and other rocks. The rock layers vary in shade and color, and the tones seem to change during the day. At sunset, the red and brown layers in the walls of the canyon are especially brilliant.
Climate. Temperatures at the bottom of the canyon may be as much as 25 Fahrenheit degrees (14 Celsius degrees) higher than at the top. The average annual rainfall varies from 7 inches (18 centimeters) at the bottom of the canyon to 26 inches (66 centimeters) on the highest part of the rim. The variations in elevation and climate create several different zones, which have a wide variety of wildlife.
Wildlife. About 300 species of birds are found in the Grand Canyon area. The area also has about 120 other kinds of animals, including beavers, bighorn sheep, elk, lizards, mountain lions, mule deer, pronghorns, and snakes. White-tailed Kaibab squirrels and pink Grand Canyon rattlesnakes live only in the area.
Vegetation. Ponderosa pine trees thrive on the canyon's rim. On the south side, juniper and pinon pines grow in lower areas. Aspen, fir, and spruce live at the highest elevations in the north. Cactuses grow throughout the canyon area, especially in low areas.
History. Some rocks...

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