Embryo and Foetal Development, Placenta Structure and Function

• Fertilisation actually takes place at around 2 weeks after the egg cell has matured.
• Sperm and egg have officially merged into one single cell with two separate haploid nuclei: called a zygote.
• Inside that cell, a lot is going on. Chromosomes from both parents are combining to decide the baby's gender, hair, and eye colour — even their budding personality!
Zygote
• Mitosis begins 24-36 hours after conception
• A Zygote is a fertilised Egg cell
• As the zygote speeds down the fallopian tubes toward the uterus, it will keep dividing. Two cells will become four, four will become eight, and so on. These cells will eventually create every organ in the baby's body.
2-8 cell stage
• And the cells continue to Cleave and Divide producing identical copies which are undifferentiated.
• This means that each cell has the potential to divide and differentiate into any cell of the baby’s body.
Question
• Step by Step describe the changes that happen between the gamete stage and the 8 cell stage, make sure to include the similarities and differences.
Morula
• Differentiation of the cells begin.
• The morula is produced by a series of divisions of the early embryo, starting with the single-celled zygote.
• Once the embryo has divided into 16 cells, it begins to resemble a mulberry, hence the name morula.
• Within a few days after fertilization, cells on the outer part of the morula become bound tightly together. This process is known as compaction.
• The cells on the outside and inside become differentially fated into the trophoblast (outside) and inner cell mass (inside).
• A cavity forms inside the morula, by the active transport of sodium ions from trophoblast cells and osmosis of water.
Blastocyst: Implantation
• The blastocyst's outer cells will become the first embryonic epithelium (the trophectoderm or Trophoblast).
• Some cells, however, will remain trapped in the interior...

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