Considerable interest in new heating and cooling technologies

• Residential location choice modeling is one of the substantial components of land use and transportation models.
• Heat pumps use the same technology as fridges or air-conditioning units, but instead of taking heat out of the house, they bring heat in from the outside air or from the ground.
• While numerous aggregated mathematical and statistical approaches have been developed to model the residence choice behavior of households, disaggregated approaches such as the agent-based modeling have shown interesting capabilities.
• The second component was designed to answer the more pressing question of how these systems compare to more traditional systems with gas forced air heating and central air-conditioning. Due to cost of a comparable in situ field study of the traditional heating and cooling systems - which have already been more carefully characterized in the literature - amodeling approach was used.
• A heat pump will use electricity, so as long as grid electricity is generated by fossil-fuel and nuclear power stations it will not be a completely renewable heat source.
• This project began with a field study designed to assess the in situ performance of ground source heat pump systems in Lithuania. There is more than one way to measure the in situ performance of a heat pump system. While the overall metric of energy output divided by energy input is pretty straight forward, there are several approaches that can be used. The energy inputs are all electric and fairly easy to identify and measure.
The key thing is to have a well-insulated home, a correctly-sized heat pump and a low-temperature heating system - ideally underfloor heating running on water heated to only 35 degrees C.
• This requires very precise measurement of the air flow and temperature rise within the air side of the system. Accurate airflow measurements can be difficult in the...

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