Stress occurs when people are faced with events they perceive as endangering their physical or psychological well-being. These events are usually referred to as stressors, and people’s reactions to them as stress responses.
Psychological reactions to stress. Stressful situations produce emotional reactions ranging from exhilaration (when the event is demanding but manageable) to the common emotions of anxiety, anger, discouragement, and depression.
sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating and overalertness. Some individuals also feel guilty about surviving when others did not.
Post-traumatic stress disorder may develop immediately after the disaster, or it may be brought on by some minor stress weeks, months, or even years later. And it may last a long time. A study of survivors of Nazi concentration camps found that 97 percent were still troubled with anxiety 20 years after they were freed from the camps. Many still relived the traumas of persecution in their dreams and were fearful that something terrible would happen to their spouses or their children whenever they were out of sight.
Anger and aggression. Another common reaction to a stressful situation is anger, which may lead to aggression. Laboratory studies have shown that some animals behave aggressively in response to a variety of stressors, including overcrowding, electric shock, and the failure to receive an expected food reward. If a pair of animals is shocked in a cage from which they cannot escape, they begin fighting when the shock starts and stop fighting when it ends. Children often become angry and exhibit aggressive behavior when they experience frustration. The...
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